How to Qualify for a Mortgage or Refinance
Find out the requirements to get approved for a mortgage or refinance.
With interest rates at historic lows, you may have wondered whether you should pull the trigger on buying a home, buying an investment property, or refinancing a mortgage. Even though interest rates and home values are low, lending standards are higher than ever. In this article we’ll explore what it takes to qualify for a conventional mortgage in the current credit environment.
How to Qualify for a Mortgage or Refinance
Before you apply for a new mortgage or a refinance, you need to make sure that you’re in good financial shape. If you don’t have the financial chops to qualify or have more debt than is allowed for a refinance, for instance, going through the application process will be a waste of time. It’s possible that you could be approved for a loan, but at an outrageously high interest rate.
Each lending institution has different underwriting guidelines for evaluating a potential borrower; and I’m sure you know that due to the credit crisis, lending standards are now tougher than ever. When you apply for a home loan, you’re generally judged on the following five categories:
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Income: Do you earn enough to make mortgage payments and is it likely that this income will continue in the future?
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Credit score: How likely are you to make on-time mortgage payments based on your credit history?
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Debt: Will you have enough cash flow left over to make a mortgage payment after paying your other liabilities?
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Savings: Do you have enough for a down payment plus more cash on hand to pay your mortgage if your income is reduced?
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Financial ratios: How much debt do you have relative your income?
In addition to those five qualification categories, you need to have at least 20% equity to refinance a primary residence. Equity is the difference between how much a property is worth and the amount that you owe on it. It’s based on your home’s current appraised market value, not what you paid for it. So if your property is worth $250,000 today and you still owe $225,000, you have equity of $25,000 which comes to 10%. In most cases, that wouldn’t be enough equity to qualify for a refinance because, as I mentioned, 20% is usually the magic number. Some lenders may even require you to have more than 20% equity to refinance an investment property.
How to Prepare for Getting a Mortgage
Here’s a checklist with essential tasks to accomplish before you contact a mortgage lender:
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Download copies of your credit reports from annualcreditreport.com and check them carefully for errors. You can get a free report from each of the three major credit agencies—Equifax, Experian, and TransUnion—once a year. If you find any discrepancies get your report corrected right away because that may help increase your credit score. Click here for Quick Tip for my Quick Tip on credit score providers.
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Get your credit score for free at creditkarma.com and find out how the various items on your credit report—like your payment history and credit utilization—affect your score. You’ll be able to see how you stack up against the national credit averages. Excellent credit is the ticket for getting a loan with a low interest rate that will save you thousands of dollars over the long run.
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Increase your credit score if it’s not high enough to qualify for a loan with a low interest rate. Here’s where lenders draw the line: If your FICO score is below 600, you probably won’t be approved for a conventional loan. If your score is in the 600s you may receive loan offers with high interest rates. But if your credit score is in the mid-700s or higher, bingo! That’s the range where you’ll qualify for the lowest interest rates. By the way, if you have a co-borrower, their good credit won’t offset your bad credit or vice versa. You can’t improve your credit overnight, but paying down balances on credit cards and outstanding loans is a quick way to boost it. Be sure to read my article about the fastest ways to increase your credit score.
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Research different loan products and interest rates at bankrate.com. Find the average rates for fixed-rate and adjustable rate mortgages (ARMS) so you’ll know if a lender’s offer is competitive. How much house you can afford largely depends on your mortgage’s interest rate and term. If you plan on keeping your home for the long-term, getting a fixed-rate loan is usually best. A longer term (like 30 years) lowers the monthly payment, but also comes with a higher interest rate. That means over the life of a 30-year mortgage you pay substantially more interest as compared to a 15-year mortgage.
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Know what you can afford by creating a budget and evaluating how much cash you have. You generally need to make a down payment of at least 10% for a conventional loan or 20% for an investment property. (With 20% or more down, you can avoid having to pay private mortgage insurance or PMI, which typically costs one-half to one percent or more of your loan amount per year.) After you turn over your down payment money, you still need to have a healthy emergency fund, and of course, you still need to be able to save for retirement each month while you’re making your mortgage payment.
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Calculate your debt-to-income ratios to make sure you won’t exceed the typical loan underwriting requirements. Lenders want to know the percentage of your monthly gross or pretax income that would be used to pay the mortgage—generally it can’t exceed 28% to 30%. To run the numbers yourself, use the Mortgage Calculator at mortgage-calc.com. But don’t forget to add in the estimated property taxes and homeowners insurance. Ask a Realtor or an insurance agent to estimate those costs for you. The total mortgage obligation is known as the PITI payment, which stands for principal, interest, taxes, and insurance. For example, if your PITI is $1,500 and your monthly income is $5,000, then your mortgage-to-income ratio is 0.30 or 30% ($1,500 / $5,000 = 0.30 = 30%). As I mentioned you’ll generally need to stay below 30% to be approved.
Lenders also evaluate the percentage of your income that would go toward all your monthly obligations including the mortgage, credit cards, student loans, auto loans, and so on. Your total debt-to-income ratio normally shouldn’t be higher than 36% to 40%. However, as I said earlier, each lender has a different standard and having an excellent credit score or shelling out a large down payment may give you some leeway with both of those financial ratios.
What Documents Do You Need for a Mortgage?
If you’ve worked through this checklist and you feel like you’re ready to apply for a loan, start gathering your paperwork. You’ll need several months of pay stubs and W-2 forms from the past two or three years. If you’re self-employed or have a variable income, lenders will ask for your tax returns from the last two or three years. Also make copies or print out bank and investment account statements for the past six months.
What is a VA Mortgage Loan?
If you don’t qualify for a conventional loan and you’re a veteran, on active military duty, a Reservist, or in the National Guard, you may be eligible for a VA loan. You don’t have to come up a down payment for a VA loan because you’re allowed to finance 100%. They’re issued by approved lenders and guaranteed by the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. For more information visit homeloans.va.gov.
What is an FHA Loan?
Another alternative to a conventional loan is one insured by the FHA, or Federal Housing Administration. Lenders approved to offer FHA loans can be more flexible with their approval standards and require a lower down payment. Get more information at hud.gov and see what home-buying programs are available in your state.
A quick and dirty tip for buying a home or investment property is to get prequalified for a loan before you start shopping. That lets a seller or real estate agent know that you’re serious about making a deal. Talk to several lenders or mortgage brokers and shop carefully for a product with the lowest interest rate and total fees.
The podcast edition of this tip was sponsored by Matrix Direct. They’ve helped over 4 million people get affordable term life insurance so their loved ones are protected. Visit matrixdirect moneygirl and save up to 75% or more on term life insurance today.
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About the Author
Laura Adams received an MBA from the University of Florida. She’s an award-winning personal finance author, speaker, and consumer advocate who is a frequent, trusted source for the national media. Money-Smart Solopreneur: A Personal Finance System for Freelancers, Entrepreneurs, and Side-Hustlers is her newest title. Laura’s previous book, Debt-Free Blueprint: How to Get Out of Debt and Build a Financial Life You Love, was an Amazon #1 New Release. Do you have a money question? Call the Money Girl listener line at 302-364-0308. Your question could be featured on the show.
